Metal forging is a multi-stage production in metallurgy, during which the workpiece is shaped by working it with hand tools, a hammer or a press with a hydraulic or pneumatic drive. The essence of the process is the reciprocating movements of the shock part of the mechanism.
Metal forging is divided into two large types:
Hand forging
Working with a hammer on an anvil has a clear and consistent execution algorithm:
- Stage #1 Settlement of the workpiece. Necessary to increase the area of the diameter and subsequent manipulations. At this stage, the initial diameter of the ingot or slab is reduced to obtain the required drawing shape.
- Stage #2 Drawing. Used to restore the longitudinal dimension of the workpiece, reduced during processing in the first stage. In this case, the impact is along the axis. Also at this stage, flattening can be performed - an increase in the total area of the workpiece, or distribution - an increase in the cross section of hollow workpieces.
- Stage #3 Piercing. At this stage, recesses or holes are applied in the future part.
- Stage #4 Twisting - rotation of elements of the future part in different planes.
- Stage #5 Dividing or cutting the workpiece into several components.
- Stage #6 Bending - changing the direction of the ingot or billet axes.
- Stage #7 Assembling all structural elements into a single unit by welding or riveting.
Automatic forging
Forging on automated mechanisms has similar technological processes, with the only difference being that automatic presses, pneumatic or hydraulic hammers are used for all manipulations.
Hammer can forge parts of various shapes and sizes that are difficult to process manually. The mass of the striker of such a mechanism can reach half a ton. At the same time, the weight of the parts themselves and forgings can vary up to several tens of tons.
If hot forging is used in production, it is important to maintain a temperature range and keep the temperature at a constant level.
Often metal is worked using free forging. In this case, the workpiece is affected in all planes. It is not limited by any forms or is fixed on the anvil only on one side. This method is used if it is necessary to obtain one or more blanks of a certain shape.
Forging is one of the most profitable and affordable ways to produce metal blanks, followed by processing and final design. In large-scale production, it is economically feasible to use stamping or automatic forging.
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